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I. Foundations & The Laws of Physics

Distributed systems are not a scaling technique; they are a different physics. The moment state and computation cross a network boundary, guarantees that a single machine gave you for free — a global clock, reliable memory, atomic visibility of writes, all-or-nothing failure — disappear and must be rebuilt from weaker primitives. This part establishes the hard constraints every later chapter inherits: the economics that push you off a single node, the failure models you must design against, and the impossibility of a shared notion of “now.”